Into Unscientific

Chapter 277: Cathode rays discovered in advance! (7.8K)

math.

As one of the most far-reaching subjects in human history, its formation time even predates physics.

Whether in the East or the West, as early as thousands of years ago, there were a large number of documents or works related to it.

This is actually an inevitable result of living habits.

Like a farmer.

When he sees the sun, he may be curious about why the sun rises in the morning and sets at night, or why it is warm in winter and cool in summer, but it is only curiosity, and it is impossible and unable to study it in depth.

But mathematics is different.

The harvest of your fields and the change of the price of buying and selling goods all involve the knowledge of mathematics.

With more foundation soil, the formation of the system will naturally be faster.

Before the establishment of natural sciences, the European education system was called classical. Or classical literature system.

And the core subject of this "literature" system is mathematics.

Therefore, in the 13th to 17th centuries, many mathematicians often had the identity of philosophers or artists.

such as Descartes, Bernoulli, etc.

This is why many early mathematical models are often linked to violins and pianos.

Mathematics is a subject with a long history, and there are countless sects and sects. Therefore, it is inevitable that the mathematics world will often come up with various rankings.

The rankings of these so-called top ten or top mathematicians are also controversial, and it is difficult to come to a conclusion.

But on the other hand.

Just like the calf in physics always loves to fight with gods, and the third child wheat is as stable as Mount Tai.

There are also four figures in the mathematics world who are always in the top four in history.

They are:

Archimedes, Mavericks, Gauss, Euler, and occasionally Riemann—but not often.

Anyway, there are five of the Four Heavenly Kings, which is normal, right?

all in all.

These people are the proper first echelon, among which Archimedes will be honored as the first person in the history of mathematics most of the time because of his age bonus.

Below them are Cauchy, Poincaré, Fermat, Pythagoras, and Lagrange, all of whom are competing for hegemony.

Gauss, as one of the four heavenly kings who can be tied with Archimedes, is self-evident.

He left a large number of theorems beginning with Gauss, tormenting countless college students in later generations, and I don’t know how many people hanged on the tall tree with Gauss’ name engraved on it.

When Xu Yun was studying Dawu, his mentor also said a joke, which still impresses me deeply:

If you prove a theorem on an exam and forget what it's called, but the title of the proof says you have to name it, then Gauss is obviously always a good answer.

At present, the computing power of the Department of Mathematics is insufficient, so Xu Yun naturally put his mind on foreign aid.

And since you are looking for foreign aid, you should obviously go to the most capable boss to hug your thigh.

It is now 1850, Archimedes has been dead for nearly 2,000 years, and Euler died of illness more than 70 years ago.

As for the calf.

Xu Yun just went to his grave.

At present, only the Heavenly King Gauss and the half-step Heavenly King Riemann, who has cultivated to the state of Little Heavenly King Dzogchen and survived a single blow from the Heavenly King, are the only big bosses living in the world.

At the same time, it so happens that both of them are German.

Therefore, with the idea of ​​doing everything, Xu Yun simply unplugged the set, cough cough, and simply packed the German mathematics elite together.

Of course.

Xu Yun turned to Gauss for help this time, not simply because of Gauss' fame.

It's because Gauss has had very, very extensive experience in astronomical calculations.

This experience is called Ceres.

Ceres was discovered by the Italian astronomer Piazzi in 1801. Piazzi, the "harvest goddess" in Greek mythology, named it Ceres.

But then Piazzi delayed the observation due to illness, thus losing the track of the asteroid.

So in desperation.

Piazzi published the data of his previous observations, hoping that astronomers around the world will find them together.

After receiving the news, Gauss easily calculated the trajectory of Ceres through the observation data of the previous three times.

The Austrian astronomer Olbers finally succeeded in discovering Ceres based on the orbit calculated by Gauss.

This method was also published by Gauss in his book "On the Motion of Celestial Bodies", and Pallas is similar.

Although Gauss is now 73 years old and has only five years to live, he seems to have reached the end of his life.

But according to a large number of literature records of later generations.

Gauss's old age is somewhat similar to that of Old Su. He was still very active in the previous period, but suddenly deteriorated in a short period of time.

He also calculated the trajectory of the trans-Neptunian object in September 1851, and completed the whole process independently, and it would not start to deteriorate until around October 1853.

So it was not difficult to ask him to come.

all in all.

With so many big mathematicians working as tools, if any accident happened during the observation of Pluto, Xu Yun would eat that ax on the spot!

It's delicious this time!

in the office.

Looking at the dense list in front of him, Faraday couldn't help but exchanged glances with Weber.

Both of them saw the same thought in each other's eyes:

I can take this job!

mentioned earlier.

Gauss is Faraday's fanatic book friend. In history, he even sent blades to his door in order to catch up with Faraday.

As for Weber, he was one of Gauss's only two good friends.

How good is the relationship between Weber and Gauss?

Together they invented the world's first telephone and telegraph system, together they invented the magnetometer, and together they drew the world's first map of the Earth's magnetic field.

To commemorate their achievements.

Leipzig Park also erected a statue of Weber and Gauss in later generations.

In the two statues, Weber is standing on the ground, Gauss is sitting on the arsenic chair, the two are talking and laughing happily, and the park shooting range is 50 meters away

Later, Goss even wanted to marry his daughter to Weber. In Goss' autobiography, he also wrote about the two rubbing each other's backs.

When Xu Yun was studying in graduate school, there was an old woman in the group who claimed to have discovered the secret:

Goss married off his daughter to someone else behind rubbing each other's backs, suggesting that Webber is likely to be below average in some parts.

Later, that old dirty woman married a good husband, and she was very quiet at the gatherings in the early years, and she didn't look like a manly woman back then.

The line of sight returns to reality.

So after eye contact.

Faraday nodded happily, and said to Xu Yun:

"No problem, classmate Luo Feng, I will write a telegram to Friedrich after dinner."

"I dare not say that all the people on the list are invited, but at least 60%. No, 70% are still sure."

Xu Yun nodded in understanding.

be honest.

He didn't expect Faraday to invite all these people.

After all, he only knows the names of these people, and he can be sure that the other party is not dead and in good condition, but he is not so clear about the situation.

Maybe he was busy with a project when he received the telegram, or he just happened to have a cold and a fever recently, you can't force the other party to come here after being ill, right?

According to Xu Yun's prediction.

In the end, there can be ten people present, so there is no problem with this observation.

If there are more than fifteen, it is too stable, and the kind that can directly leave the keyboard with both hands.

Then Faraday put the paper with his name back on the table, pressed it with a book, and said to Xu Yun:

"Student Luo Feng, what about the operation process you mentioned earlier?"

Xu Yun smiled at him, and said very wittily:

"Don't worry, Professor Faraday, I will draw the schematic diagram for you now."

After speaking, he picked up the pen and pondered for a moment.

Draw a diagram on the table.

I saw that he first drew a sketch of a long pipe, and at the same time asked Faraday:

"Mr. Faraday, do you remember the vacuum level of the vacuum tube you made?"

Faraday nodded, with a trace of regret on his face:

"Of course I remember, the value is seven percent."

Faraday's original vacuum tube experiment was inspired by Hoxby's plan, and their purpose was to study the phenomenon discovered by Liangkad:

In 1676, Liangcade moved the mercury barometer at night and discovered the phenomenon of "mercury fluorescence".

That is, when the mercury in the barometer oscillates, there will be a flash of light in the vacuum of Torricelli.

It is a pity that the vacuum tube that Faraday could make at that time was only 7% of the atmospheric pressure, so he had no choice but to give up this experiment-this is the origin of the Faraday dark zone mentioned earlier.

Afterwards, Xu Yun didn't answer any more, and lowered his head to draw on the paper for a few more minutes.

soon.

A long tube with a more complex structure appears:

This long tube is thick at the front and narrow at the back, with a black area connected to the end——Xu Yun’s remarks on the side are platinum electrodes, through which mercury passes through, and a Lumkoff coil wound around the outside.

Of course.

In Xu Yun's impression, the Rumkov coil should have appeared around 1850, but he is not sure in which month.

So in order to avoid some unnecessary troubles, he did not mark the name of the Rumkov coil, and also modified some external resistances.

See here.

Presumably some students have already guessed it.

That's right.

What Xu Yun took out this time was the strengthened Gessler tube!

The vacuum that could be achieved in 1850 was about 6 per thousand atmospheres, which is about ten times more precise than Faraday's original 7%.

But let's be honest.

This degree of vacuum is still somewhat insufficient in experiments, and observational errors are prone to occur.

So after careful consideration, Xu Yun directly took out a big killer:

Gessler tube modified by Pluck's student Hittorf.

The magically modified version of this Gessler tube can reach a pressure of one hundred thousandth of an atmosphere, which is 600 times finer than Faraday's original!

Although it is still a younger brother compared with the vacuum degree of minus 12 minus 13 powers of the large hadron collider in later generations, it is still enough for Faraday and others to tinker with in these years.

Then Xu Yun raised his head, pointed to the schematic diagram and asked Faraday:

"Mr. Faraday, can you understand the principle of this catheter?"

Faraday stepped forward to take a few glances, and suddenly his eyes lit up:

"Good idea, platinum electrode plus mercury extraction, air is exhausted from above, oh, why didn't I think of it!"

Xu Yun glanced at Farah for the first time, but didn't speak.

Physics. Or science experiments, sometimes it is so realistic.

Even if you are a bigwig in the industry, some of the founders of certain theories who can be ranked among the top in history, some problems are unexpected or unexpected.

Faraday is actually pretty good.

Although from the perspective of later generations, it is a pity that he did not discover electromagnetic waves, but Faraday himself has no concept of this.

From its own point of view.

His life can be regarded as the completion of merit and virtue, leaving no regrets.

Some unlucky people are really miserable. Maybe the problem that has been studied for a lifetime is solved by a young man in his twenties. Maybe even three months before his death, he suddenly knew that the research direction of his life was wrong.

This is also the cruel side of science.

Then Xu Yun paused, and continued:

"After the ancestor of Fat Fish designed this pipe, some readers came to him because there were too many broken chapters. He could only take his wife Tifa and Alice to take refuge in a hurry."

"Thus, this vacuum tube has always been just a design drawing—in fact, those of us who are descendants also have the idea of ​​trying to make it. Unfortunately, our family has fallen, so we have never had the opportunity to conduct related experiments."

Faraday nodded in sympathy when he heard the words.

Also as a code word party, he often encounters readers who come to send razor blades.

Isn't it just one chapter updated every five or six years, what's there to urge?

There are more than 5,000 words in a chapter, and if you count it, you have to write as many as three or four words a day

Then Xu Yun straightened his face and said:

"Mr. Faraday, according to the design of the ancestor of Fat Fish, this vacuum tube should be able to observe relatively obvious phenomena."

"Then just put a small windmill in the glass tube and let the current derivative hit the windmill. If the windmill turns, it means it has momentum."

"At the same time, you can also put your hands deep into it. If there is temperature, it means that it has heat energy."

Farah nodded as he listened for the first time, completely unaware of the possible consequences of Xu Yun's last words.

After a while, he had a thorough understanding of all his thoughts, and asked again:

"I wrote down the procedure, but student Luo Feng, it seems that this is somewhat different from the verification charge you mentioned, right?"

Xu Yun glanced at him, shook his head, and said:

"You are wrong, Mr. Faraday, have you not noticed one thing?"

Faraday was slightly taken aback:

"What's up?"

Xu Yun pointed to the catheter on the diagram and said

"According to the idea of ​​Fat Fish's ancestors, the light derived from the current is the particle flow of charged particles."

Faraday and Weber were stunned for a moment, and then their pupils shrank!

If there is a microscope present at this time, you can find that goosebumps are slowly emerging on their exposed skin.

There is a fireplace in the house for heating, but the atmosphere is freezing.

After a while.

Faraday's eyes moved.

He turned his head, looked at Xu Yun, and said word by word:

". Electromagnetic waves?"

Xu Yun nodded heavily:

"That's right."

Then looking at the shocked Faraday, Xu Yun said again:

"Mr. Faraday, it is actually very simple to verify the charged properties of fluorescence, just to verify whether they will deflect in the electric and magnetic fields."

"We can apply a magnetic field and an electric field at the same time, so that the magnetic force and the electric field force cancel each other out, so that it can move in a straight line, so as to find the initial velocity."

"Then after getting the initial velocity, the electric field is removed and only the magnetic field remains."

"If the light is deflected, as long as the angle at which the magnetic field exits is measured, the charge-to-mass ratio of the particles in it can be calculated."

Faraday was silent for a long time, and there was a faint "ho ho" in his throat.

It's been a long time.

Only then did he exhale a foul breath with a complex expression, filled with emotion in his heart.

It turned out that there was only a thin line between me and electromagnetic waves and electric charges.

To know.

Charged particles will be deflected in the electric and magnetic field, this concept was discovered by himself.

Unfortunately, at that time, in order to study the vertical component of geomagnetism, I gave up the idea of ​​continuing to improve the precision of vacuum tubes.

Thus missing out on such an important achievement.

across from him.

Seeing Faraday with an uncertain expression, Xu Yun's expression was a little sad.

Readers who have taken the history of physics should know it.

When Faraday studied the glow effect in 1838, he actually observed the vacuum tube in the electromagnetic field.

But due to the vacuum problem, the fluorescence is not deflected in the end.

Here's another example to explain it better:

Fluorescence is like a group of soldiers, who will immediately advance ten meters after hearing the order.

If it was in the wilderness, that is, in a completely vacuum environment, this team of soldiers would naturally complete the order with ease.

But if they are in a sea of ​​people, every soldier who hears the order has to push away the crowd around him to move forward, it will be very troublesome.

It might just be a little difficult if the crowd density is not high.

But once the crowd is particularly dense, the soldiers can only walk around aimlessly under the crowd, let alone advance.

And the air molecules in the vacuum tube are the crowd, and the electric field is the order of the fluorescent deflection.

The vacuum tube used in the experiment is equivalent to the conditions of different crowd densities.

Faraday's 7% vacuum tube at that time was still equivalent to a downtown, so the fluorescence did not fluctuate.

The strengthened Geissler tube can reach one ten-thousandth degree of vacuum, and it is very easy to deflect the fluorescence.

More critically.

different from the original history.

Before today, Xu Yun had already proved the existence of electromagnetic waves by using the photoelectric effect.

Therefore, Xu Yun just mentioned the colorless 'light' of the current derivative on the opposite side, and Faraday thought of its essence.

Since the 'light' derived from electric current is an electromagnetic wave, it must have particle nature.

It has particle properties and can deflect under electromagnetic fields.

What is this if it is not a charged charge?

Of course.

Future generations of readers must be very clear.

This glow in a vacuum tube is exactly the cathode ray, which would have been discovered by Pluck in 1858 and named by Goldstein.

Its concept does not need to be elaborated, because its importance lies in helping humans complete the early cognition of rays, and its application range is also very wide in later generations.

But there's nothing particularly complicated in and of itself.

But one thing that is more outrageous is that.

If you search for the question "who discovered cathode rays" on Baidu, the answer that appears is not Pluck.

but another one:

Joseph John Thomson.

That is the JJ Thomson who Xu Yun misjudged Lao Tang at the beginning of the dungeon.

Goodness see you.

In 1858, JJ Thomson was only tmd two years old. How could He De discover cathode rays?

What's even more outrageous is that Xu Yun proposed to correct and fix this problem, but was called back by Baidu.

To know.

Whether it is the discovery of cathode rays or the naming, it has nothing to do with jj Thomson.

The reason why the cathode ray is called the cathode has nothing to do with its charged properties, but because it is a ray emitted from the cathode.

JJ Thomson's contribution was to determine the negatively charged nature of cathode rays, thereby calculating the specific charge of the electron, that is, the charge-to-mass ratio.

As for the charge of electrons, it was measured by the Millikan oil drop experiment—but this experiment is a well-known scandal in the history of science, a Nobel Prize that was obtained by cheating.

Back then, Xu Yun and his friends searched for oil droplets in the laboratory to find eye pain. The data did not match at all. The result was that each person squeezed fifty times to produce a drop of oil. If you say too much, you will be crying.

The line of sight returns to reality.

Opposite Faraday.

While Xu Yun was sighing, he also had a glimmer of expectation in his heart.

Next, Faraday will definitely go to repeat the experiment according to his own plan.

That is to put a small windmill on it, and touch the rays with your hands.

And it is worth mentioning that.

The platinum base of this vacuum tube designed by Xu Yun can be regarded as a metal plate.

What happens when the cathode ray hits the metal plate? This is the story recorded in the eighth chapter of the fifth grade Chinese volume two

all in all.

Although I was a little sorry for Pluck and JJ Thomson, it turned out to be a good thing—Faraday patted his chest with a firmer attitude than before, saying that he would definitely be able to fool the people on the list.

I don't know where Faraday's confidence comes from. It seems that those people will definitely rush to Cambridge University.

that's all.

In a somewhat delicate atmosphere, Xu Yun completed the deal with Faraday and said goodbye to each other.

that night.

A telegram was sent from Cambridge University to London.

From London to Manchester

birmingham.

Finally arrived in Germany, branches and leaves scattered.

The content of the telegram is only one:

[Faraday is critically ill, hurry to Cambridge! 】