Into Unscientific

Chapter 305 Mission Completion Countdown (9.6K!)

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inside the laboratory.

Looking at Mai Mai who was begging for help, the corners of Xu Yun's mouth twitched slightly.

Good guy.

No wonder this guy looks confident at first, like I can handle it.

The co-author is treating the laboratory as a happy dictionary, so let’s leave it here for help outside the venue

Of course.

Tucao belongs to Tucao.

Xu Yun knew when Mai Mai started designing the experiment that his design would definitely not achieve the desired effect.

the reason is simple.

In the design principle of wheat, one of the most critical elements is missing:

Converter, or transducer.

Without a converter for signal conversion, relying solely on the principle of a metal chip detector, there is no way to achieve a time difference close to one second.

The real value of metal shavings is that it can be used for algorithm input, that is, the period of the pulse signal is used to control the operation - for example, a strong current is 1 in the algorithm, a weak current is 0, etc.

To achieve time delay, the pulse signal must be converted into ultrasonic waves, and then some small components of gratings must be added.

Therefore, what Xu Yun is facing now is actually another question:

Should we make a move?

Then he quickly glanced at the scene, and thought of the world line that has been picked up and run by Mai Mai now, he couldn't help sighing quietly:

Well, that doesn't seem like a problem anymore.

After all, compared with the invention of the vacuum tube, the converter is not a technical barrier at all-this refers to the simplest and most primitive converter.

Even if Xu Yun didn't make a move himself.

With the abilities of Wheat and Kirchhoff, it won't be long before they can overcome this barrier.

If it is long, two or three years, and if it is short, a few months may be enough.

In his previous life, Xu Yun knew an old driver named Huo Huo Guang Can, who once said a word in the repentance chair:

"The most difficult thing for a good family to enter the industry is always the first step. Once you get into the sea, it's only a matter of time before you turn from a prostitute to a big dick."

Think here.

Xu Yun no longer hesitated, turned to Mai Mai and said:

"Student Maxwell, let me tell you the truth."

"When the ancestor of Fat Fish was bored, he once proposed an idea, that is, can the real scene that happened once be recorded through technical means?"

"Later, he did some research on this, but due to limited conditions, he finally gave up this idea helplessly."

"However, although this fantasy failed, the ancestors of Fat Fish also left behind some achievements, so it's not like returning empty-handed."

"Among them is a relatively simple prop that can convert electrical signals into acoustic signals."

Mai Mai was shocked when she heard the words, and hurriedly asked:

"Mr. Luo Feng, is the prop you mentioned complicated? Or what materials do you need to prepare?"

Xu Yun pondered for a moment, and from the corner of his eye he suddenly caught sight of something beside him, and his eyes lit up.

He lifted the vase next to him from the neck of the bottle, tapped the body of the bottle a few times with the fingers of the other hand, and there was a crisp sound of 'ding ding' from the body of the bottle:

"that's it."

Babbage next to Mai blinked and asked first:

"ceramics?"

Xu Yun nodded and said with a smile:

"That's right, the name of this component is piezoelectric ceramics."

well known.

Strictly speaking, electrical signals only record sound pressure information, but other information such as loudness and frequency can be transformed through sound pressure.

For example, loudness is actually related to sound pressure intensity.

The frequency information is obtained by Fourier transform of the sound pressure.

Timbre is the performance of harmonic structure.

That is to say, in the waveform, all information such as volume and timbre are included.

Therefore, if you want to convert sound waves and electrical signals into each other, there are only two common ways:

One is to change the resistance.

The second is to increase the transducer to convert mechanical energy into electrical energy.

In fact, transducer is a very broad term, which mainly refers to electroacoustic transducers in acoustics.

In a sense.

A transducer is a device that receives an electrical (or acoustic) signal and converts it into an acoustic (or electrical) signal, so that certain characteristics of the input signal are reflected in the output signal.

In general.

Acoustic transducers can also be divided into two categories:

Magnetostrictive, and piezoceramic.

It was the latter that Xu Yun was going to take out this time.

Piezoelectric Ceramics.

It refers to a functional ceramic material that can convert mechanical energy and electrical energy into each other, using the piezoelectric effect.

The so-called piezoelectric effect means that when some medium is subjected to mechanical pressure, even if the pressure is as small as a sound wave vibration, it will produce shape changes such as compression or elongation.

This causes the surface of the medium to be charged, which is also called the positive piezoelectric effect.

On the contrary, when an excitation electric field is applied, the medium will produce mechanical deformation, which is the inverse piezoelectric effect.

This effect was first discovered in 1880 by the Curie brothers, Marie Curie's husband.

Based on this principle.

After being processed by certain means, piezoelectric ceramics can perfectly convert sound waves and electrical signals, which is a very common small component.

Piezoelectric ceramics can be seen in mobile phone earphones, buzzers, ultrasonic detectors and even lighters in later generations.

Domestic companies such as Fenghua Hi-Tech, China Porcelain Materials, and Chaozhou Sanhuan are all leaders with relatively high technical reserves.

And from a design point of view.

The theoretical basis needed for piezoelectric ceramics is actually similar to that of microphones. One is the Fourier transform, and the other is the electromagnetic induction theorem.

This is also the reason why Xu Yun chose to take it out - the industrial level of this timeline is infinitely close to 1900, and the above two theories have been put forward for a while.

Even if you don't do it yourself, it's really only a matter of time before piezoelectric ceramics are invented.

In a sense it can be said that:

This is the kind of outcome that was bound to follow after the discovery of X-rays in wheat.

Think here.

Xu Yun couldn't help but took a deep breath, picked up the paper and pen, and drew a schematic diagram on the map.

The component diagram of piezoelectric ceramics is very simple. There is only a coin-sized ceramic piece inside and outside, plus electrodes and diaphragms attached on one side - buy a New Year's card with a buzzer and you can see the real thing directly.

Therefore, in a short period of time, Xu Yun put down his pen and said to everyone:

"alright."

Mai Mai hurriedly picked up Xu Yun's schematic diagram and Babbage looked at it a few times, then handed it to Faraday and Gauss.

Faraday took the paper and shook it, and analyzed it while reading:

"Increasing the AC signal drive, the expansion and contraction of the piezoelectric ceramics will cause the overall bending vibration to convert the electrical signal into a sound wave."

"The diaphragm at the other end cuts the magnetic induction line in the magnetic field, thereby generating a current and restoring the signal to electricity. The time-consuming conversion can produce a time difference, which is wonderful."

But looking at it, Faraday suddenly realized something.

He frowned, turned to Xu Yun and said:

"Wait a minute, classmate Luo Feng, I have a question."

Xu Yun blinked and said:

"Professor Faraday, if you have any questions, just ask them directly. If I can't answer them, I will burn incense and ask the fat fish ancestors."

Faraday nodded, set his sights on the vase, pointed at it and said:

"Student Luo Feng, look, ceramics are a kind of insulator, and the inside cannot be powered. Even some large-scale power supply facilities today use ceramics as partition materials."

"In this case, how can an electric current pass through the ceramic to cause it to vibrate and deform?"

As the discoverer of semiconductors, Faraday's sensitivity to the conductivity of objects has reached an almost instinctive height.

Therefore, while analyzing Xu Yun's thinking, he quickly realized a problem:

Ceramics are not conductive.

Since it is non-conductive, how can it achieve the effect of porcelain expansion and contraction?

Is it Fat Fish's mistake?

Or.

There is another universe in it?

Looking at Faraday's inquisitive face, Xu Yun pondered for a moment, then suddenly said:

"Professor Faraday, I remember that when you were talking about negatives, you said that you were willing to exchange Professor Gauss's manuscript for the rapid exposure technology."

"Although the question you are asking now has nothing to do with negatives, it also involves some currently unknown areas, so take a look."

Faraday was taken aback for a moment, and after recovering, he waved his hand with great pride:

"This is simple, three volumes of manuscripts for your skills!"

Xu Yun's heart skipped a beat, but he still pretended to be unwilling:

"Professor Faraday, why are there only three volumes?"

"The three volumes still belong to someone else, so you can be content."

"How about seven volumes?"

"Impossible, four volumes!"

"Six volumes?"

"One price, five volumes!"

"make a deal!"

"make a deal!"

Gauss on the side rubbed his eyes in bewilderment as he watched the old and the young who were successful in the deal after bargaining.

In the eyes of this tycoon who ranks among the top three in the history of mathematics, a rare suspicion appeared:

Wait, these two seem to be discussing my manuscript.

But why did I, the client, become an outsider?

And the other side.

After getting Faraday's promise, Xu Yun stopped hiding and said simply and neatly:

"Professor Faraday, according to the research of the ancestor of fat fish, under normal circumstances, ceramics really cannot stretch or shrink when electrified."

"But if processed through certain technical means, it can be used for this property."

"Fatfish ancestors called this process"

"polarization!"

Now Faraday and others have measured the charge-to-mass ratio of electrons, and the concept of charge has been around for hundreds of years.

So Xu Yun directly picked up the drawing and explained the principle:

"Professor Faraday, you should know that theoretically, the charge distribution inside ceramics should be chaotic and irregular, right?"

Faraday nodded:

"That's right."

Xu Yun continued:

"And to make the ceramic stretch or shrink, then we need to ensure that there is a law inside it."

"That is, the electrode in the equilibrium state has a balanced electrode potential, and the electrode in the unbalanced state also has an electrode potential."

"The effect that can ensure that the two have a constant value for a long time is polarization. This method requires a very high voltage and other means."

Faraday took a moment to think this time before continuing to nod:

"I see. I probably understand."

"It's like the charge has reached the electrode, but the charged substance has not had time to get it, so the charge accumulates, and the electrode shifts the equilibrium potential."

"When an electrode reaction occurs, the phenomenon that the electrode potential deviates from the equilibrium electrode potential is polarization. Student Luo Feng, am I right?"

Xu Yun was slightly taken aback.

next second.

A tingling sensation rose from the tailbone and went straight to the scalp.

grass!

1850 really had wall hangings everywhere

I just explained a few words from the surface, and Faraday saw the essence at a glance. Can you believe it?

polarization.

Even in later generations, this concept is a very complicated concept to explain.

It involves a lot of categories such as overpotential, exchange current density, and hyperbolic sine function type. (Recommend Academician Cha Quanxing's "Electrode Process Kinetics" and Beihang Li Di's "Electrochemical Principles")

Going deeper, it will also involve instantaneous electric field vectors, time-varying fields, and Jones vectors, which are fully polarized waves, and so on.

As for the polarization of piezoelectric ceramics, it is related to the crystal grains inside the ceramics.

These grains have ferroelectricity, but the orientation of their spontaneously polarized electric domains is completely random, and they do not have polarization strength macroscopically.

However, under the action of a high-voltage DC electric field, the electric domains will be aligned along the direction of the electric field.

And after the electric field is removed, most of this orientation state can be retained, so that the ceramic exhibits a piezoelectric effect.

At present, Xu Yun can only explain the category of 'charge', and he can't even go too deep into the level of 'electron'.

But even so.

Faraday also saw the most extreme truth in this interval at a glance.

it's terrible

But thinking about his contribution, this seems quite normal—this man is a god-man who single-handedly opened the door to the second industrial revolution.

If you insist on a ranking.

The scientific lineup in 1850, whether it is the history of physics or mathematics, can rank among the top four—if Wheat and Kirchhoff Riemann Laotang were born ten years earlier, this lineup in 1850 may even have a chance to impact The second throne.

Thinking of these, Xu Yun felt relieved.

Then he picked up the pen again and began to write the polarization process:

"Use a ball mill in an anhydrous ethanol medium for twelve hours, dry the wet material at a certain temperature, then place it in a corundum crucible with a cover, and pre-fire it at 700-900°C for two hours."

"After taking it out, perform a second ball mill under the same conditions for 30 minutes, dry the wet material at a certain temperature to obtain a pre-calcined powder, and add perovskite with a mass fraction of 5% to the pre-calcined powder for granulation"

"Grind, polish, clean and dry the ceramic disc, coat silver paste on both sides, and burn the silver electrode at a certain temperature."

"After being silvered, apply a voltage of 3000 Vmm-1 in silicone oil at 120°C, polarize for 30 minutes, and test its electrical properties after standing at room temperature for one day"

As a student of condensed matter physics, Xu Yun's mastery of the preparation methods of piezoelectric ceramics can be said to be engraved in his bones.

For example, the drying temperature is 70 degrees, the infiltration silver electrode is 850 degrees, etc., he memorizes these data by heart.

However, out of low-key considerations, he did not write down the specific data this time - after all, this is the result of 'Fat Fish'.

Anyway, Cambridge University has a great career.

If it doesn't work, just experiment and explore slowly, and use the exhaustive method to try, and you can always determine the most suitable experimental temperature.

After the piezoelectric ceramics link is successfully broken through, the core difficulties of the analysis machine in the equipment can basically be declared cleared.

The rest is the problem of code writing that Ada is responsible for.

In other words.

Xu Yun is getting closer and closer to the day when he completes the task.

Fifteen minutes later.

Xu Yun handed over the written formula to Kirchhoff.

The German left the laboratory immediately and went to prepare for the preparation of piezoelectric ceramics as Faraday's assistant.

After Kirchhoff left, Faraday picked up his teacup and took a sip, intending to announce the end of the show.

But when he was about to speak, he suddenly stopped.

Seeing this, Xu Yun couldn't help but glanced at Mai and Riemann, and asked aloud:

"What's the matter with you, Professor Faraday?"

Faraday nodded slightly when he heard the words, and replied:

"No big problem, just suddenly remembered a small thing."

Everyone quickly pretended to be all ears.

I saw Faraday looking around the laboratory, his eyes finally fell on the vacuum tube equipment, and said:

"Everyone is only focused on doing experiments today, and they probably forgot one thing - whether it is the particles whose charge-to-mass ratio was calculated before, or this mysterious ray, we haven't given them a name yet."

Everyone was taken aback when they heard the words, and then they suddenly realized one after another.

Yes.

In addition to the vacuum tube derivative improvements that have just been used in computers.

Faraday and the others conducted three experiments today, both active and passive, among which only cathode ray was named at the beginning.

The remaining cathode rays, which are smaller than hydrogen atoms, and the mysterious rays that can irradiate fish bones, have not yet been named.

mentioned earlier.

The smallest known particle is an atom.

The name has become a popular concept with the introduction of Dalton's atomic theory.

The mass of charged particles newly discovered by Faraday and others is only one-thousandth of that of an atom, that is, 10 to the negative 3rd power.

To describe it in order of magnitude is a three-level difference, and the charged particle is obviously no longer suitable for the name atom.

Xu Yun, as a descendant, naturally knows that this particle is called an electron, and it will be one of the smallest particles in 2022.

but the problem is

The name of the electron is JJ Thomson, let alone the fertilized egg, even his father is still a single dog.

The same goes for X-rays.

Although Roentgen is better than JJ Thomson now, he is still just a little doll in crotch pants, only five years old.

in this case.

Whether it is Roentgen or JJ Thomson, it is impossible for them to affect the naming of X-rays and electrons.

Can Faraday and Gauss Weber really think of the same name as in history?

Then Faraday thought about it, turned to Gauss and said:

"Friedrich, do you have any thoughts on that mysterious ray?"

"me?"

Gauss blinked, pondered for a while, and said slowly:

"Michael, what do you mean by calling it Nebast Light?"

Xu Yun: "?!"

But before Xu Yun could speak, Faraday shook his head first:

"No, no, the name is too difficult to remember, how about calling it Zapelio Light?"

"Not much, I think Nebast sounds the best!"

"Mouth, it's obvious that Zai Peiliao is taller, and he is very powerful when he hears it!"

Xu Yun continued: "."

Fortunately, at this time, the relatively reliable Weber spoke:

"Michael, Friedrich, this light was discovered by Maxwell, how about giving him the right to name it?"

Hearing what Weber said.

Faraday and Gauss, who were still arguing, couldn't help but stop, looked at each other, and nodded in unison:

"Alright, leave it to Maxwell."

After speaking, Faraday looked at Wheat and said to the young Scottish youth:

"Maxwell, it's up to you to choose a name."

Mai Mai was still eating melons by the side, but suddenly found that the melons in her hand had hit her face in a daze, and she couldn't help being a little stunned.

But soon.

He adjusted his mentality, after all, this is a very meaningful and can be said to be very honorable thing.

He pondered for a moment, then said slowly:

"Several professors, all the manifestations of this ray of light discovered today have impacted our inherent concepts. The inside and outside are full of psychedelic and unknown, just like a vague unknown."

"The unknowns in mathematics are often represented by X."

"So... I feel like 'X-Ray' might be a good name."

"X-ray?"

Faraday repeated the term in his mouth, and his eyes gradually lit up.

In the long history of human civilization, different nations and regions have different names for "unknowns".

For example, Huaxia calls the unknown number Yuan, which is what Tian Yuan Di Yuan is talking about.

In Egypt it is called 'Miao Wu', which sounds like a cat meowing

However, the expression of unknowns in Europe is different. It was quite messy between BC and the 17th century, and each had its own name.

For example, Diophantus in ancient Greece used Ξ, Π, ξ to represent unknowns, Butter used A, B, and C to represent unknowns, and Vedic used A, E, and I.

This chaos continued until 1637.

Descartes used X, Y, and Z to represent positive unknowns for the first time in "Geometry", and it has continued until now.

Among the three unknowns of XYZ, X ranks first, representing the beginning.

It seems to be a good choice to represent unknown rays in this way.

Simple and easy to remember, but meaningful at the same time.

Seeing Faraday, Gauss, and Weber look at each other, the three nodded at the same time without even discussing aloud.

Ever since.

X-rays.

The same name as the local history also appeared in this time.

After giving X-Ray its name.

Faraday looked at Xu Yun again, and asked sincerely with a smile:

"Student Luo Feng, it's time for us to name the particle—has Mr. Fat Yu named it?"

Xu Yun was silent for a moment, then shook his head:

"No."

Faraday thought for a while and asked again:

"So in Eastern culture, are there any words to describe extremely small matter?"

Seeing that Faraday's two words were centered around Fat Yu and Dongfang, and seeing the smile and ease on each other's faces, Xu Yun couldn't help feeling a little stunned.

In fact, he was still wondering just now:

The order of discovery of X-rays is obviously after electrons, but why is it named first?

At first he thought it was Faraday's random choice, but now look

The original root cause is here:

They don't want to take credit for themselves.

Compared with charged particles, the discovery of X-rays undoubtedly has a strong coincidence.

In addition, in the era of "fat fish", negative film has not yet appeared, so it is impossible for fat fish to grasp the characteristics of X-rays.

Therefore, Faraday calmly shared the naming rights internally-the whole process was completed by several of them in collaboration without relying on any external force.

But electrons are different.

Whether it is a vacuum tube or other experimental ideas, they are all designed by 'Fat Fish' before 'death'.

At best, Faraday and others have verified Fat Fish's conjecture, but they cannot be regarded as the first discoverers.

In addition, the personalities of these bigwigs are the best in history:

Faraday has never discredited others, and even used half of his income to help the poor.

Gauss has a relatively indifferent personality and is not good at speaking.

But for disciples or other mathematicians who are studying, they basically always reply to their letters, and even take the initiative to bear the tuition fees of many potential students who are not disciples.

Not to mention Weber.

The seven gentlemen of Göttingen, for the sake of justice, can even sacrifice their lives. They derived Faraday's law with Newman. In order to pay tribute to Faraday, they directly named it after Faraday. After their death, they donated all their money to the University of Leipzig.

In terms of character, the Mavericks of the two armies are not enough for them to fight.

Therefore, they did not intend to take credit for themselves, but thought of linking electrons, or unknown particles, with fat fish, in order to pay tribute to this sage.

Kind people.JPG.

However, although Faraday showed good intentions in this regard, Xu Yun did not have the idea of ​​taking the naming rights of electrons as his own.

Because electrons are not the same as Yang Hui's triangle or something.

In the original history, its discovery process has nothing to do with the Chinese sages.

The Yanghui Triangle is clearly documented and supported by unearthed cultural relics in Chinese history, which is a full 393 years earlier than Pascal's—this is not counting the figures of Jia Xian's achievements.

If Lao Jia has actual books unearthed, this time can be advanced by six hundred years.

So for Xu Yun when Mavericks dungeon.

Taking back what belonged to his ancestors, he did it with integrity, and he didn't feel sorry for Pascal at all.

But electrons are different.

Ancient China's understanding of particles was not deep, and most of them were limited to the scope of philosophy.

Although some people think from the perspective of physics, but limited by the level of technology, they have hardly achieved any substantive results.

Electrons belong to the content that can only be touched by the modern physics system, and belong to the wealth of others.

The ancients said.

Gentlemen love fortune, in a proper way.

If China's buffs have to be deducted for everything, aren't we no different from Bangzi?

Think here.

Xu Yun couldn't help but straighten his expression, and said to Faraday:

"Mr. Faraday, the smallest thing in the East is mortal. This thing is as thin as the tip of a needle. It cannot be seen by anyone who is not a prisoner."

"However, no matter how small it is, there is still a difference from this kind of particle."

Then he paused, and when he was about to resign, another idea suddenly popped up in his mind, and he said again:

"By the way, Professor Faraday, I remember that in order to commemorate your contribution, the scientific community defined a physical quantity with your name?"

Faraday nodded lightly. Although he didn't know why Xu Yun mentioned this, there was still a hint of pride on his face:

"That's right, it's the standard unit of capacitance—although it hasn't been officially defined yet, Europe has basically used this unit by default."

"Nowadays there are more and more physical units of electricity, and perhaps in a few years, an international electrical conference will be held to completely determine some units."

Xu Yun followed suit and nodded.

The unit of capacitance is the same as the coulomb ampere, and the occasion that was truly defined globally was the Global International Electrical Congress in 1881.

But the conference was just to give the final chapter to the seven units. Before that, they had been circulating in Europe for dozens or even hundreds of years.

Then Xu Yun smiled slightly and said:

"Professor Faraday, what a coincidence."

"Look, this unknown particle is negatively charged and will be absorbed by the capacitor, and the standard unit of capacitor feedback is the potential energy difference generated by the charge of the coulomb."

"Since this is the case, I suggest that it is better to name it after the unit of capacitance, Farad, that is."

"Falah grains!"