Into Unscientific

"."

Watch the interference fringes appear on the crystal plate in front of you.

After the results of the imaging plate of the Michelson interferometer were released, the entire experimental site fell into an eerie silence again.

And it's different from last time.

On the faces of all the scientists at the scene, there was an expression at the same time:

0v0.

They were like puppets who were performing enthusiastically on the stage and their strings suddenly broke, and there was a sense of humor and even cuteness in their daze.

The shock, fear and other emotions that should have appeared have disappeared instead.

However, this subtle atmosphere only lasted for a few seconds, and soon everyone regained consciousness.

One by one belatedly shouted:

"God what did I see? Am I dreaming?"

"Exactly the same experimental process, but the light shows two properties?"

"First, the Empress Dowager is the light. Is today the day of destruction of natural science?"

"Heresy, this must be heresy!!!"

"wdnmd!"

at the same time.

A voice full of rage and disbelief suddenly rang in Xu Yun's ears, and Xu Yun recognized the other party's identity without even looking at it:

"This is impossible, Luo Feng, you...you must have tampered with the crystal board!"

"A scam, it must be a scam!"

Xu Yun turned around when he heard the words, glanced at Georgia Terry who broke the defense, and shook his head:

"Dear Mr. Terry, I think I need to remind you again."

"Including the fat fish interferometer experiment, all my experimental procedures and related theories tonight are transparent and open, and all verifications are welcome at the same time."

"The relevant papers that nonlinear crystals can leave electronic traces can be traced back to 1842, and the discoverer was Mr. Armand Fizeau."

"He's also here today, and the Cambridge University library also has that record in it. It's in the third row of the fourth shelf in the physical partition on the second floor, and it's the seventeenth position from right to left."

"Besides."

talking.

Xu Yun looked at Faraday beside him, and they nodded in tacit understanding.

Then Xu Yun continued to say to Georgia Terry:

"Mr. Terry, no one would use their reputation to falsify such an important experiment—do you think that after tonight, no one will repeat the verification of these two experiments?"

"How stupid do you think me, Mr. Faraday, and the trustees of Cambridge University are to cheat at this juncture?"

"this"

Georgia Terry opened her mouth subconsciously, but found herself speechless.

The meaning of Xu Yun's words is actually the same as the logic of those melon eaters on Pluto Night.

At that time, the reason why the melon eaters were convinced that the star search was successful just after Gauss said, "We discovered Conan Star" was also because of the same reason:

This kind of subversive or destructive experiment will definitely be repeatedly verified by countless people, and there is no point in coveting vanity for a while.

Even the Millikan oil drop experiment, which was later called the biggest scam of the Nobel Prize, has no problem in principle and accuracy:

It does work out how much charge an electron has.

It's just that Millikan tampered with the data and faked a low success rate event into a high success rate event.

And the original Michelson-Morley experiment itself.

This experiment was started in 1887, but it was not until twelve years later that the etheric theory completely gave up resistance and raised the white flag to surrender like Gaul.

By the way.

The "Declaration" of surrender happened to be issued by the Paris Academy of Sciences.

Another example is the famous Fermat's last theorem.

It was actually proved by Andrew Wiles in 1993 - although there were some mistakes in the first version, Andrew Wiles quickly corrected the correct solution.

But it was not until 1995 that he was accepted more generally.

to June 1997.

Andrew Wiles won the 100,000-Mark bounty set by Wolfskell for Fermat's Last Theorem.

There are too many similar examples, just like the update of a fisherman, there are too many to count.

In physics. Or in the history of science and technology.

The significance of the first day of the experiment lies more in the qualitative role.

For example, you often see a sentence in the books of later generations:

The XX experiment was first successfully completed by XX on X, X, X, XX, which represents a step forward in human cognition of XX.

But you rarely see when this experiment is recognized by the industry, which is the meaning of qualitative.

It is also commonly known as leaving a name in history.

This is an unspoken rule in the scientific community, and it was very reliable at least in 1850.

If this experiment is a fraud.

Let alone Xu Yun or Faraday, Cambridge University will be flattened the next day—a physical bulldozed.

This moment.

Looking at the calm Xu Yun, Georgia Terry suddenly realized that

I thought I was skating a fish, but it was actually the fish that was caught!

There is not much time left for him now.

But Georgia Terry obviously still wanted to save himself, so he thought about it quickly and said:

"No, no, of course I don't mean to question Mr. Faraday, but yes, it must be an experimental error!"

He turned around, pointed at the crystal plate with a determined face, and said loudly:

"For example, this crystal plate actually has quality problems, and one experiment can't explain anything!"

"Retest, must retest!"

Seeing this Minke still doesn't give up.

Xu Yun thought for a while, and said to Lao Tang beside him:

"Mr. Thomson, please go to the analysis machine and invite Mr. Armand Fizeau."

Lao Tang nodded:

"clear."

After Lao Tang left.

Xu Yun turned around again, patted Mai Mai on the shoulder, and said to him:

"Donkey, it's wrong, classmate Maxwell, it's hard work for you, please go and move another crystal plate here."

Wheat should follow suit.

A few minutes later.

Lao Tang returned to the scene with a bearded man in his thirties with a bald spot on his left forehead.

This person's alopecia areata hairstyle is unique in the entire history of physics, and it is more recognizable than Faraday's sword eyebrows and Riemann's oily hair.

Therefore, without introduction, Xu Yun confirmed that he was the person he was looking for.

When Lao Tang and the bearded man approached, he quickly went up to meet him, and stretched out:

"Good evening, Mr. Fizeau."

That's right.

This bearded man with a bald spot on his left forehead was the famous Fizeau.

That is, the designer of the Fizeau Flowing Water Experiment mentioned earlier, the source of all evils of Minke.

He is a well-known experimental designer and numerical tester. The speed of light, current intensity, and the Doppler effect in electromagnetism are all from him.

In fact, Fizeau's status in the history of physics is not very high, about sixty or seventy, at most it is at most fifty——those in front of him are all mountain monsters.

But Fizeau may not know until his death.

In later generations, he would actually become the source of Huaxia Minke.

The running water experiment he designed has become the mainstream weapon used by Minke to overthrow Lao Ai's theory of relativity in later generations

At this time, Fizeau was just a well-known junior in the industry, probably a little more famous than Stokes, and on the same level as Kirchhoff.

After coming to Xu Yun's side.

Fizeo also took the initiative to reach out and shake Xu Yun:

"Good evening, classmate Luo Feng."

After letting go.

Fizeo looked at the scene curiously, lowered his voice and asked Xu Yun:

"Student Luo Feng, I don't know why you asked me to come here? The analysis machine is at a critical moment."

Fizeau is an avid astronomer and one of the few scientists who holds a dialectical view on ether theory. His "belief" in ether is not so pious.

Otherwise, the flow experiment would not have been designed.

So as soon as he arrived at the scene today, he was attracted by the star-seeking experiment of Gauss and others.

From the start of the analysis machine to the calculation just now, he has not left the first experimental area.

Naturally, he would be a little surprised at Xu Yun's move to send Lao Tang to find him.

Xu Yun smiled at him when he heard the words, his eyes quickly swept over the bald spots on Fizeau's forehead, and asked him:

"Mr. Fizeau, I remember that you should have a lot of research on nonlinear crystal plates, right?"

Fizeau immediately puffed up his chest. Fizeau in history was a very confident man:

"That's right, I've been working on nonlinear crystal plates since ten years ago, and I've even studied the effect of electrons on crystal plates—it's just that I didn't know it was electrons that left the traces at that time."

Xu Yun nodded.

mentioned earlier.

The crystal plate has no way to see the electrons intuitively, but it can restore the movement signs of the electrons through the 'pit' excited by the electrons.

In order to facilitate understanding, here is a simpler example to explain this principle:

When you were in elementary school, you should have seen the kind of hole music that has hundreds of holes on a board, and you can poke one for ten or fifty cents in the stationery store outside the school, right?

This kind of hole music is like a neatly arranged crystal plate. When an electron touches the crystal lattice, it will puncture the hole. That is, the crystal will turn black.

So when you put a bunch of electrons on it.

As long as you count the holes that have been punctured, you can simulate the trajectory of electrons.

Interference fringes are equivalent to a 100x100 hole, a row of vertically punctured small holes will appear every 10 grids, and the observer will know that the electrons have interfered.

Fizeau once used a lightning rod to attract lightning to bombard a crystal plate, and became the first person to discover that electrons leave corresponding traces on the crystal plate.

Then Xu Yun led Fizeau to the console, and explained to him the principle of the accelerator:

"Mr. Fizeau, that's about it."

"In order to avoid the 'quality problem of the crystal plate' that Mr. Terry said, I will ask Mr. Thomson to invite you to come over."

Hearing this, Fizeo glanced at Georgia Terry playfully.

As a proponent of emerging science, he was annoyed by supporters of classical disciplines like Georgia Terry:

"Student Luo Feng, I am very happy to serve you."

"It's really a blessing in my life to be able to contribute to such a major event-can you spend a few hundred more words to write about me when writing records?"

Xu Yun looked up at his alopecia areata:

"sure."

Looking at the two people who looked at each other and smiled, Georgia Triben's gloomy face became even more ugly.

A few more minutes passed.

Mai Mai hummed again and returned to the operating table carrying a pair of crystal plates.

Fizeau stepped forward to observe with a magnifying glass for a while, then borrowed a wire from Xu Yun, and after electrifying, he rubbed the upper right corner of the crystal plate a few times.

Then he picked up the paper and pen, and began to write rustlingly on the calculation paper.

five minutes later.

Fizeau put the pen on the table, clapped his hands lightly to shake off the non-existent dust, smiled and said to Xu Yun:

"No problem, student Luo Feng, both the cross-sectional function and physical properties are normal - this is an extremely high-quality crystal plate."

Xu Yun thanked him.

Then soon.

Several physicists or chemists of different ages stepped forward and carefully inspected the crystal plate.

Some of them are melon-eaters like Fizeau, who came up with the idea of ​​showing their faces or watching a show to get some exposure.

Some are supporters of classical disciplines, with heavy eyes and faces, and two ears seem to be carried on their shoulders.

Although the identities of these people are different, their purpose is the same - to ensure that there is no problem with the crystal plate.

After all, the other links of this experiment are publicly computable types, but there may be some unknowns in the crystal plate.

As for the final inspection results?

Naturally, there are no quality defects.

In recent years, the cross-sectional function has been developed to a very perfect level because of Mavericks.

Although the concept of lattice structure has not yet been formally born, it can be used to verify related properties with light polarization and refraction angle.

Just as there was no concept of energy in ancient times, it did not prevent the ancestors from being able to make fire by drilling wood.

Both mathematical and physical properties meet the requirements, and even the most demanding people can't find an excuse.

then.

In order to ensure that the crystal plate will not be tampered with on the road.

This time, the coolies who carried the crystal plate to the exit of the accelerator were no longer Wheat, but Georgia Terry and two other supporters of classical disciplines.

After placing the crystal plate.

Georgia Terry and others were called back to the console by Xu Yun on the grounds of preventing the experiment from being affected.

Wait until everything is ready.

Xu Yun turned on the accelerator decisively again.

buzz buzz --

Still the exact same process as before.

coil power generation,

electronic generation,

filter,

accelerate.

this time.

Along with Prince Albert.

Everyone in the stands also left the auditorium one after another, and walked to the center of the venue to wait for the final answer.

Or

trial.

Fifteen minutes later.

Xu Yun glanced at the pocket watch, closed the cover with a click, and pressed the still button.

Then don't wait for him to speak.

Georgia Terry ran towards the crystal plate with a stride.

The rest of the fanatics of the ether theory glanced at each other and followed.

It took Georgia Terry a little over ten seconds to run the 100-meter distance.

In later generations, there is even a chance to get a ticket to the Olympic 100-meter final.

Then soon.

A loud howl came from near the crystal plate:

"NO!!!!!!!!!"

A word that is so simple that it cannot be simpler, it has already explained everything at this time:

Even if the experiment is carried out again, the result is still

interference fringes.

The same steps, just changing the imaging board—or turning off the receiver, there are actually two results?

Of course.

Seeing this, some students may have a question:

No, Fisherman. (damn a hammer)

Although the receiver was turned off in this experiment, isn’t it also possible for human eyes to see the crystal plate?

Now that it has been observed, the information will be leaked.

Why doesn't the wave function collapse?

how to say

This is actually a problem that was misled by those exaggerated claims about double-slit interference, but it has a certain quality.

The misleading part is that it exaggerates the effect of naked eye observation, and the high quality is that it refers to the concept of information path.

This leads to a result:

Some explanations will take this question to the mysterious side.

For example, photons can interact with your mind, and particles have spirituality.

This statement is not so much idealism as spiritual power.

But these days, some people are following this trick, and you can see a bunch of comments that like science distorted into metaphysics on a certain music.

So what is the truth?

Let me talk about the origin of the wave function first.

more than a century ago.

When the wave properties and particle properties of light were presented to people at the same time, physicists began to look for a suitable mathematical language to describe this rather unfamiliar property at that time.

Especially after de Broglie proposed that all matter has wave-particle duality in 1924, this task became more urgent.

1925.

When Heisenberg, Born and others studied the energy spectrum of helium atoms, they connected the energy level transition process with the matrix and invented matrix mechanics.

As for how to incorporate the wave form into it, we have to resort to Fourier decomposition.

later that same year.

Starting from the volatility, Schrödinger was inspired by the Hamilton-Jacobi equation in classical mechanics, and wrote the Schrödinger equation ψ.

The interesting thing about Schrödinger's equation is that, from the seemingly continuous appearance, a discrete energy spectrum can be solved.

compared to matrix mechanics.

The Schrödinger equation, a form of differential equation, was more familiar to physicists at the time.

Moreover, it is more directly related to various equations in traditional theoretical mechanics, so it has become a recognized door to the palace of quantum theory.

During the evolution of quantum theory, physicists have tried several times to build a path from classical theory to quantum theory from different angles.

These efforts are collectively referred to as "quantization".

But although the status of Schrödinger's equation is very important in the whole quantum theory system, what is its physical meaning?

It is still a mystery.

Schrödinger himself once mistakenly thought that it was the density of some kind of charge, but soon found that this was irreconcilable with the experimental facts.

Born, after months of brooding, came up with another idea:

What the equation describes is actually a kind of probability.

A variant of the Schrödinger equation ψ represents the probability that a particle collapses to state ψ when it is measured.

Since then, a nearly century-long debate has begun.

After many twists and turns, such as the EPR thought experiment, etc., it is still foggy and unresolved.

First things first:

So far, none of the known laws can explain how the wave function collapses.

This collapse is a kind of absolute randomness, which does not exist in deterministic mathematical calculations.

So the collapse must be triggered by something other than mathematics.

For example, the comparison of girls before and after makeup.

This is a manifestation of "wave function collapse".

People go from healthy to sick.

It is also a manifestation of "wave function collapse".

Two people from strangers to lovers.

It is also a manifestation of "wave function collapse".

How can we use mathematical calculations to describe the above situations?

Even if you saw this text and typed it in this chapter, but deleted a certain word because of a misspelling of pinyin, it is also a manifestation of "wave function collapse".

So this can lead to another concept:

The question of the 'degree' of the collapse.

For example, if you delete a word, it is a small collapse.

Deleting ten characters is a big collapse.

The same is true for naked eye observation.

In the electron-photon double-slit interference experiment, which is dominated by photons in reality, the influence of naked eye observation on the result is much lower than the influence of the sensing device on the result.

This involves a concept of information number, which can be described as follows in a less rigorous but easier-to-understand explanation:

The sensing device is very sensitive and can feel every photon, while your naked eye can only see very few photons.

The part you 'see' collapses into particles, and the part you don't see forms interference fringes - again, this is a very loose term, only for the dumb. Ahem, few students understand.

In Xu Yun's later life.

There are often some Internet writers who set the protagonist as an 'observer', looking at the past, time and space, life, and life have all stopped or been destroyed.

There is nothing wrong with this kind of plot itself, the online novel is just a brainstorming.

It’s just that the author who came up with these settings has a high probability of misinterpreting the real wave function observation concept as naked eye observation

Quantum mechanics is so obscure, but it does exist.

For example, quantum tunneling is more typical than observation.

If "observation" is a little far away for ordinary people, then the quantum tunneling effect is too close in our lives.

For example, our sun, or the chip of a mobile phone.

Everyone should be familiar with chips, such as Qualcomm, MediaTek, Huawei HiSilicon and so on.

When it comes to chips, it is inevitable to talk about lithography machines.

Everyone knows that my country's lithography machine technology is completely blocked by the outside world, but few people know that the minimum precision of a chip is 1 nanometer.

After 1 nanometer, the chip will experience serious quantum tunneling effects.

In the photosynthetic reaction center and the respiratory complex, electrons pass through the protein barrier, which is also a kind of quantum tunneling.

Again.

No one can really explain quantum mechanics so far, but it is always closely related to your and my life.

It is far from the metaphysical concept of "quantum mechanics is indecisive".

The topic is back to the original place.

In Xu Yun's later life, there was a typical experiment in the field of photon double-slit interference.

That is, the 10.1126/science.1136303 article mentioned earlier, a paper published in the highest academic journal "Science".

One of the links is close-range observation with the naked eye—because it is a photon, it can be seen directly.

The interference slit used in the experiment is so small that the fringes are invisible to the naked eye.

So the experimental team set up a microscope and stared at it.

The interference fringes completely disappear in the final in-focus area, but the out-of-focus areas are only faded.

There are more advanced erasing experiments, and I will talk about it later when I have the opportunity.

This is true at close range, let alone the situation where Xu Yun and the others are standing a hundred meters away.

soon.

This crystal plate, together with the sluggish Georgia Terry and others, were brought back to the operating table.

Looking at the results of the second test, there was a real 'dead silence' around the console - many people's hearts were completely dead.

If it weren't for the occasional voices of those who are not interested in ether and have been paying attention to the star-seeking session from the beginning to the end of the first experiment site, this open space is basically no different from a tomb.

Two minutes later.

Suddenly, an old laugh resounded in the silent scene:

"Ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha!!!"

Xu Yun followed the trend and looked.

Only at this moment.

Ten meters away from him.

There was a little old man in his sixties covering his stomach with one hand and laughing wildly, while pointing at the people around him with the other hand:

"I get it, I get it, this must be a joke, right?"

"You guys know that today is my birthday, so you teamed up to play me on purpose, don't you?"

As he spoke, he raised his hands to the sides of his cheeks, and after closing his five fingers together, they exploded at the same time:

"surprise?"

After speaking, he looked around, stared, and asked:

"Now the joke's over, what about my birthday present and cake?"

His answer was still dead silence.

Seeing this, the expression on the little old man's face gradually froze.

I saw him rushing to the nearest person, holding his shoulders with both hands, and shouting:

"Potter, hurry up and say yes, this scene can end here!! Come on!!!!"

Then the little old man thought of something else.

Turning around, he came to Xu Yun's side in a few steps.

Also holding his shoulder, shaking it vigorously, the veins on his hand can be clearly seen:

"Student Luo Feng, Whewell knew that I, a former professor of mathematics at Cambridge University, was coming back today, so I asked you to cooperate in a scene, right?!"

In the end.

There was already some crying in the little old man's tone.

Xu Yun raised his head and looked at the pair of cloudy eyes.

The expression of the little old man at this time is almost the same as that of Avogadro before, with strong sadness, despair, helplessness and a trace of hope:

"It must be like this, right?"

Xu Yun sighed and looked at the little old man he didn't know with a heavy heart.

Taking half a step back, he bowed slightly:

"Sorry, Professor, this is not a farce."

"."

The voice just fell.

The little old man's hand holding onto Xu Yun's shoulder fell weakly, and he stared at Xu Yun dully.

After a few seconds.

The little old man's body suddenly shook violently, and he passed out on the spot.

Xu Yun quickly supported him, and checked the other's pulse—he had learned some medical skills from Old Su in the Northern Song dungeon. Although it was not as outrageous as the rejuvenation, it was not difficult to judge a person's physical condition.

fine.

There was nothing wrong with the other party's body, but he just fainted in a hurry.

Xu Yunjian sighed again, summoned two members of the Gewu Society, and sent the little old man to the school hospital for observation.

The rest of the people at the scene still stood in place like sculptures.

If there is still the possibility of error in the first experiment, then the second experiment is enough to serve as a real hammer.

That is to say

ether and light.

The two cornerstones of balconies in today's physics world have been completely smashed to pieces tonight!

Looking at the lowered hand of the little old man who was carried away.

After a few seconds.

Another middle-aged man who had been standing on the spot suddenly bent his knees, fell to his knees, and burst into tears in public:

"ah!!!!!!"

The voice of the middle-aged man seemed to turn on a certain switch, bringing the thoughts of most dull people back to reality.

Gradually.

People at the scene lost their support one after another like middle-aged men and fell heavily to the ground.

Or break down and cry.

Or tug on the turf.

Or bang your head on the ground.

Some people tore off their clothes and stared blankly at the sky.

If there was an oriental historian present at this moment, he should have written such a passage:

"On the twelfth day of the Gengxu month in the first year of Xianfeng Emperor Wenzong of the Qing Dynasty, the middle road of the classical physics building collapsed, and Europa mourned everywhere. This is the autumn of life and death!"

Looking at the scene in front of him.

Xu Yun suddenly thought of something, turned his head to look at Avelyn, and winked at her.

The meaning is obvious:

If you say digging a grave, you dig a grave, isn't it cool to vent your anger?

Avelyn glanced around and found that no one was paying attention to her, she gave Xu Yun a thumbs up:

Like.JPG.

A while passed.

Prince Albert at the console sighed faintly, with an extremely complicated expression on his face:

"I can't think of it, I can't think of it"

"Light can show two properties at the same time in one experiment"

"It seems that from today, a dark cloud will appear on the top of the scientific world"

And beside Prince Albert.

Tian Caiming, who was following James Bruce, had an indescribable look in his eyes.

But Xu Yun didn't notice Tian Caiming's expression.

This moment.

His mind has already been pulled by another shout not far away:

"Hallelujah, we found Planet X!!!"