Into Unscientific

as a large release.

The press conference process of Kamioka Lab is actually very complicated.

In addition to the introduction, questions and other links.

There are also many modules such as watching video records, individual speeches by members, and guest evaluations.

At least in terms of the time-consuming process, it is far more than an hour.

But for Lucas and others.

After Atsuto Suzuki introduced the relevant data, they almost had a bottom line in their hearts, and they could return their attention to the CERN scene.

This is why Kamioka will only hold a press conference an hour in advance:

The first hour is for professionals, and the latter part is mainly for non-professional media and on-site guests.

And now.

It's CERN's turn to take over.

CERN press conference site.

It was about ten minutes after the key information of the Kamioka press conference was released.

A little old man with a bloated figure, obvious nasolabial folds, thinning hair on his forehead and baldness on the top of his head appeared on the side of the stage.

Holding a stack of documents in his hands, the little old man declined the help of the staff, and walked step by step to the speaking platform at the center of the ceremony.

During his entire march, everyone in the audience stopped talking.

One reason for this approach is that CERN's press conference is about to start, and many media people have started to prepare to record the content one after another, so there is no time for nonsense.

The more important second reason.

It was because the identity of the little old man was too special.

He is the famous Carlo Rubia.

That's right.

He is the discoverer of W and Z bosons.

Carlo Rubia was born in 1934, and as of now, he is 88 years old.

He is a world-renowned particle physicist and inventor, and once the head of CERN. In 1984, he won the Nobel Prize together with Simon van der Meer for the discovery of W and Z bosons.

In fact, just talking about the Nobel Prize, there are not many members of CERN who have won this honor in history.

But in terms of importance.

Carlo Rubbia's results deserved to be ranked first.

In a sense.

Carlo Rubia's award at the beginning consolidated the structure of the physics world for nearly forty years, and it would not allow the family across the sea to dominate.

Otherwise, in the field of microcosmic particles, it is basically just what is said across the sea.

Carlo Rubia is now 88 years old, and Simon van der Meer, who won the award with him, passed away eleven years ago.

But this little old man is still alive and well.

Even last year, there were gossip about him playing 1v3 with three maids.

The appearance of Carlo Rubia is also CERN's response to the Kamiokande detector carrying Atsuto Suzuki:

than age.

Carlo Rubbia is bigger than Atsuto Suzuki.

than status.

He is still taller than Atsuto Suzuki.

than honor.

Carlo Rubia can crush Atsuto Suzuki with just one Nobel Prize.

Neon lights tens of thousands of kilometers away.

Atsuto Suzuki, who had retreated to the audience, obviously realized the implication of CERN's move, and immediately coughed violently several times.

This time I was angry.

But he didn't rest there, but locked Carlo Rubia on the screen tightly.

He wants to see what kind of results CERN can produce this time.

After coming to the stage.

Carlo Rubbia first looked around, moved his round belly twice on the edge of the stage, and then said:

"My fellow friends and guests from the press, I am very pleased to meet you here today. I am Carlo Rubia."

No nationality was mentioned, no position was introduced.

Just simply say that I am Carlo Rubia, this is the confidence of a Nobel Prize-winning boss.

or on the other hand

He is indeed qualified to introduce himself like this.

as expected.

As soon as Carlo Rubia finished speaking, there was a burst of warm applause from the audience.

After more than ten seconds.

The applause faded away.

Carlo Rubia picked up the water glass and took a sip of Laoshan White Flower Snake Grass Water. This was a drink he liked during his tenure at Huaxia Minerals University. It tasted quite good.

Then he put down the water glass, picked up the document and shook it a few times, a trace of emotion appeared on his face:

"Ten years ago in June, in this same conference room, I also presided over the meeting and released the results related to the Higgs particle."

"That's enough. Or it has been recorded in history, because we discovered the 'God' particle, and since then we have discovered the mystery of the mass medium."

"But for humans, that's not enough, far from enough."

"The God particle represents light, and where there is light, there is darkness—in our entire universe, darkness even occupies the majority."

"So we've been looking for particles that represent darkness for a long time, and just a month ago we had a huge breakthrough."

finished.

Carlo Rubbia gestured sideways.

soon.

A slideshow appeared on the big screen behind him.

"It's well known."

Carlo Rubia stretched out his left hand, pointed to the big screen and said:

"For a long time in the past, because neutrinos were assumed to have no mass, the physics community generally believed that there were no right-handed neutrinos."

"But with the discovery of neutrino oscillations, neutrinos were confirmed to have mass."

"Therefore, the existence or non-existence of the right-hand neutrino has become confusing again."

I heard this.

Many physics experts in the audience nodded together.

As Carlo Rubbia said.

In the Standard Model, neutrinos were assumed to have no mass for a long time.

Because the basic requirements of the electroweak part in the standard model are the gauge symmetry of SU(2)L×U(1)Y and the gauge invariance of Lorentz.

Therefore neutrinos, in addition to being massless, are thought to have no right-handed neutrinos and only one Higgs doublet.

The so-called right-handed neutrinos belong to the category of chirality, which is an inherent property of a particle, and it is also a property that can be called "truth of the world".

It can be called the most refined level that can be studied at present.

What is chirality?

Its English word is called chirality. The meaning of this term is related to the matrix γ5, which performs anti-commutation with all Dirac matrices, and one is the chirality of the spinor.

When the particle mass is close to zero and the speed is close to the speed of light, chirality is close to helicity.

Because the quantity of momentum contains velocity, it will change with the observer's reference frame. Further, define the positive and antiparticle conjugate operator C^.

Then, when the chiral operator is applied to positive and antiparticles, an interesting phenomenon will be found:

The antiparticle of a left-handed fermion is right-handed, and vice versa.

In human terms, it is

Everyone has left and right hands, right?

When you put your two palms together, this state is called Ψ(x), and it will satisfy the Dirac equation-you can imagine that there is a gesture lock in front of you that needs to be opened with this palm together.

On this basis.

Elementary particles without mass do not have chirality, that is, it can be understood that the palms cannot be separated, and palms together is its only state.

As for the elementary particles with mass, they can be divided into left-handed and right-handed.

Left-handed particles are left-handed particles.

The right hand is the right hand particle.

That is to say, the massless particle has no left and right palms, only palms together.

Particles with mass can join hands together, or divide into left and right hands.

This is the popular explanation of chirality, not so conceptually precise, but well understood.

Of course.

In fact, there is also a problem of helicity here. This concept is more complicated and unnecessary, so I won’t go into details here.

all in all.

When neutrinos are considered to have no mass, they are naturally inseparable into right-handed and right-handed neutrinos, that is, there are no right-handed neutrinos.

But with the discovery of neutrino oscillations, this situation has exceeded the theoretical scope of the Standard Model.

The neutrino oscillation shows that neutrinos not only have interaction states, but also have mass eigenstates.

What really participates in the weak interaction and oscillation process is the do-interaction state, which is essentially a superposition of mass states.

Two different states need to be connected with a 3×3 unitary matrix.

That is, the famous Pontecorvo-Maki-Nakagawa-Sakata matrix, which is the PMNS matrix.

So this way.

Neutrinos should theoretically have chirality.

That is to say, the palm can be separated, and there should be the right-hand neutrino.

And in the field of dark matter research.

The right-handed neutrino is possible.

One of the sterile neutrino candidates.

Think here.

Lucas in the audience couldn't help showing a trace of expectation in his eyes.

Will the properties of right-handed neutrinos discovered by CERN be related to inert neutrinos?

Carlo Rubia on the stage said again:

"In the Standard Model, since neutrinos have zero mass, the helicity and chirality of neutrinos are equivalent. So far, only neutrinos with left-handed helicity have been detected."

"But after adding the non-zero mass term of neutrinos, helicity and chirality are no longer equivalent, and the new neutrino field that appears in the Lagrangian is chirally right-handed."

"So this time, our bubble chamber constructed a three-flavor eigenstate that can be superimposed and known."

"That is, the flavor eigenstates of which e, μ, and τ are linearly independent."

"Then, a 96-meter-long experimental device accommodated the world's strongest tritium source, as well as a giant spectrometer, and conducted an extremely detailed experiment."

"The final result. Please watch the big screen."

After Carlo Rubia finished speaking, he stepped aside and fully displayed the content on the big screen in front of everyone.

Whether the participants in the audience really understood or pretended to understand, they all stretched their necks.

Lucas, who was sitting at the front, had an unobstructed view, so he could easily see the data on the screen.

After a few seconds.

Lucas, who saw the content clearly, shrank his pupils and turned to look at Lars:

"God Lars, your neutrinos actually have a mass of 4.7eV? My God."

Lars smiled slightly when he heard this, with a hint of pride on his face.

In 2018.

The Planck satellite project of the European Space Agency once gave the sum of the three mass states of neutrinos within the framework of the PMNS matrix:

0.12eV.

This value is about 6 orders of magnitude smaller than the mass of electrons, and it is currently recognized as an authoritative value-provided that the cosmological model is introduced.

Then in 2019.

The KATRIN laboratory has locked down the neutrino mass upper limit to 0.8eV without relying on a specific cosmological model or on the nature of neutrinos.

At first glance, the 4.7eV measured by CERN seems to be nothing special, right?

Big mistake.

Whether it is Planck or KATRIN laboratory.

They calculate with neutrino precision.

For example, we found dust in the air through sunlight, so we want to measure the size of these dust.

At the beginning, the accuracy of the equipment was not high, only the meter stick.

Therefore, it can only be estimated that a dust is about 1 mm.

Then there was a scale of 15 centimeters, and after calculation, it was found that the particles were smaller than 1 millimeter.

Then there are other more sophisticated equipment on the scene.

The mass of neutrinos is like dust, and as the measurement precision increases, its true mass continues to shrink.

Wait until now.

The mass of neutrinos has been shrunk down to within 1eV.

No one knows whether it is 0.012eV or 0.0012eV or less, but it will never be above 1eV-just like a centimeter of dust does not exist in reality, that stuff is called a stone.

Of course.

The premise of the above sentence is that the equipment level is high enough and there is no error.

The result was unexpected.

This time, CERN actually discovered a neutrino with a mass of 4.7eV?

This is no longer a matter of 'precise and inaccurate', but the category of 'existence or non-existence'.

In this way.

This points to three possibilities:

Either there is a problem with CERN's equipment, and there is an error in the result.

Either CERN is lying and bragging in order to make a big news.

either

That giant neutrino is by no means the type that has been discovered.

The first may be ruled out at first.

CERN is one of the most powerful scientific research institutions in the world, and it is a European scientific research bastion that concentrates the power of European scientific research.

The instruments used by the entire organization are almost all embargo-level heavy treasures, and there is absolutely no possibility of errors in accuracy.

as for lying

That would be even more nonsense.

This principle is the same as that in the 1850 copy where Gauss claimed to have discovered Pluto - there will inevitably be a large number of peers to retest afterwards, and lying is meaningless.

Therefore, what remains at this time is the latter possibility.

Think here.

Lucas suddenly realized something, and asked Lars again:

"Lars, could it be that the neutrinos you discovered conform to the seesaw mechanism?"

Lars nodded, and gave a thumbs up to his friend:

"It's no loss that he was a top student back then. That's right, the neutrinos we discovered this time have a Majorana mass item."

Lucas' pupils shrank instantly.

seesaw mechanism.

Can be translated into a seesaw mechanism.

A very subtle...or elegant model in this right-hand neutrino study.

This mechanism can be generally understood as the left hand and right hand, which should be about the same size and quality, have become two different situations, one big and one small.

It perfectly balances the Higgs mechanism with the mass term of the gauge particle and the Dirac mass term.

That is to say, there are not only the left-handed doublet of Higgs mechanism and the coupling item of Higgs doublet plus the right-handed charged lepton in the Lagrangian quantity, but also the Majorana coupling of the right-handed neutrino itself.

This balanced model also has a very coquettish name:

NMSL.

In 20 years.

CERN's official tweet released a related small result, and then someone left a message below [NMSL? ], then the official pushed back a yes

The account of the message is still a Chinese person, so there is reason to suspect that the other party did it on purpose.

all in all.

A neutrino that conforms to the seesaw mechanism and has a much higher mass than ordinary neutrinos

Then it must be the right-hand neutrino.