Into Unscientific

Students who were meson coils in their previous life should know it.

Most composite particles are generally composed of 2-3 quarks.

For example, a meson is composed of a quark and an antiquark, while a baryon is composed of 3 quarks or 3 antiquarks, and they are called conventional hadrons.

But there is another class of particles that may be composed of 4, 5 quarks, or a mixture of quark-gluons.

Because they are relatively rare, they are also called strange hadrons, or strange hadrons, depending on each person's habit of calling them.

At present, almost every year or even every month, one or more kinds of strange hadrons are discovered.

And the main way to analyze the structure of a strange hadron is actually very simple.

Generally, the invariant mass spectrum of the quark evenium is analyzed first, and then the scale is analyzed with the component quark model and the Dyson-Schwinger equation. Basically, the composition of the specific structure can be determined.

So for Witten.

Even the relatively special four-quark or even pentaquark particles shocked him just like that, and it couldn't be too outrageous.

Want to come in Witten.

The next process is nothing more than introducing the function of the gluon field into the graph group, simplifying a bound state through QCD, and then determining the particle structure.

As a result, the gluon field function was routinely introduced to eliminate the influence of the 'chain' of the two particles.

Wei Teng's pen tip suddenly paused, and his breathing became short of breath.

After recovering.

Wei Teng took a deep breath, and quickly moved his pen again.

Swish Swish Swish——

With the appearance of lines of characters, Wei Teng's fingers holding the ballpoint pen began to tremble faintly.

Suddenly.

Being too excited, Wei Teng lost his balance and fell heavily to the ground.

Snapped--

The report in his hand also scattered.

The sound of Wei Teng falling to the ground quickly attracted the attention of several people around him. Academician Pan quickly walked to Wei Teng's side at the first time, reaching out his hand to help him with concern:

"Professor Witten, are you alright?"

However, Academician Pan was a little surprised.

Wei Teng didn't accept his support, but adjusted his glasses in embarrassment after turning over, knelt on the ground, supported his upper body with his hands, and quickly searched for something.

Looking at this posture, it feels like he will shout out that physics does not exist in the next second

See this situation.

A trace of astonishment appeared in Academician Pan's eyes.

What is this doing?

But soon.

The astonishment in Academician Pan's eyes disappeared, replaced by a touch of inquiry and solemnity.

It is obviously impossible for a big guy like Wei Teng to suddenly lose his mind. In fact, Wei Teng is a scholar who cares about his image very much. In his life, he even hired a housekeeper to help him with his appearance.

At this time, he lost his composure, he must have discovered something.

some

Something that even he couldn't accept right away.

More critically.

This enhanced gluon field has no known parameters for reference, so even everyone on the scene and even the backstage of CERN or the Academy of Sciences have to calculate the amount by themselves.

So at least for the moment.

Except for Wei Teng itself, no one at the scene knew what Wei Teng was looking for.

Of course, this sentence is from the perspective of Academician Pan.

If you look down from the perspective of God, Lu Chaoyang and Christine in the tenth row should be able to guess what Wei Teng is looking for—they found it even earlier than Wei Teng.

It's a pity that even a person of Academician Pan's level can't open the full map and grasp every detail of the overall situation. Naturally, he can't know such a situation at this time.

in a minute.

With all kinds of inexplicable gazes on and off the field, Witten finally found the report he was looking for.

He quickly grabbed the report, flicked the non-existing dust on the surface of the report, the corners of his mouth trembled a few times, and just knelt on the ground to read it.

Seeing this, Academician Pan hesitated for a moment, and then gave Xu Yun a look of 'you go and put away the other manuscript papers on the floor'.

He himself came behind Wei Teng and said:

"Mr. Witten, why don't you sit back first."

Academician Pan's original intention was to advise Wei Teng to sit back in his chair, after all the live images were broadcast live simultaneously.

Weiteng's approach is not a good thing for the organizer of the Academy of Sciences or his own image.

And while speaking.

Academician Pan inevitably scanned the content on the manuscript paper held by Wei Teng, and subconsciously made an analysis:

It is a quark fitting equation that removes the influence of the gluon field, corresponding to the oscillation peak in the report, and belongs to the final expression in mathematics.

Only a mathematician like Wei Teng can calculate this result so quickly.

And the moment I saw this formula.

The second half of Academician Pan's words also got stuck in his throat, and he was taken aback for a moment:

"This is"

At the bottom of the Weiteng draft paper, there was a piece of content in wet handwriting:

【LM=∑iiνQ RνLi+12MνRνRcQ+(c2(iφk)+ωk2cφk)iωk((iφk)φkφk(iφk))】

This moment.

There is only one thought left in Academician Pan's mind:

No wonder Witten lost his composure.

at the same time.

Although these bigwigs on the scene are inferior to Witten in terms of calculation ability, there are also excellent pen-numerators like Te Hooft.

In addition, the whole process is not very complicated in terms of the amount of calculation—after all, it is only a gluon field.

Although Wei Teng is fast, it is not so exaggerated that it is more than ten minutes ahead of everyone.

Therefore, while Wei Teng was looking at the report, some bigwigs came up with the results one after another.

"."

With the release of the final form expression, the area in the first row once again fell into a somewhat subtle atmosphere.

After a while.

It was Mr. Yang who spoke first:

"A fermion operator, a variable valence description, and the oscillation peak signal can be converted by a conjugate matrix"

"So everyone, what we found this time is actually two"

"Supersymmetric particles?"

After a few seconds.

Te Hooft, Higgs, Polyakov and others nodded lightly at the same time.

See this situation.

brush--

Throughout the press conference, hundreds of theoretical physicists stood up from their seats again in shock, stretching their necks forward, trying to see the situation in the first row clearly.

In the live broadcast rooms of the major websites, densely packed question marks were swiped for the seventh time:

[? ? ? ? ? ? 】

Lu Chaoyang in the tenth row and Christine looked at each other, and the two exhaled in a complicated way:

"Sure enough."

They thought of this model a long time ago, but they have not made accurate progress in calculations, and they can only say that the thinking is a little faster.

As for Atsuto Suzuki, who was sitting not far from Yang Lao and the others, who had been watching with cold eyes before, his mind was also blank at this moment:

Supersymmetric particles?

How could it be? !

super symmetry.

This is a very controversial mathematical construct in theoretical physics.

It was mentioned earlier.

The definition of the so-called supersymmetry theory is actually very simple, which means that every particle has its supersymmetric partner.

That is, fermions must have a partner that is a boson, such as gluons and gluinos.

Conversely, the partners of bosons must be fermions.

At the same time, this theory can support the superstring model to a certain extent, which belongs to a very advanced theory.

But from the perspective of the entire theoretical span, the emergence of supersymmetric theory is far more than that simple on the surface.

The first thing to be clear about is.

Throughout the history of human physics, the proposal of any new theory is driven by physical motivation or demand.

These motivations can come from the contradictions between old theories and experiments, or from the inconsistency of the old theories themselves, or even from the drive of pure mathematical facts.

For example, the quark model mentioned earlier.

It is a framework that was created because the physics community discovered that there is still a structure inside the proton, and something is needed to explain the inside of the proton.

It is easier to understand the heliocentric theory. One of the main reasons for the emergence of this theory is that the geocentric theory itself is not self-consistent.

There are three main reasons for the appearance of supersymmetry theory:

dark matter needs,

The largest possible space-time symmetry,

and specification levels.

Among them, the requirement of dark matter is best understood.

To put it bluntly, the physics community couldn't find dark matter for a long time, so they proposed a particle model called superneutron through the theory of supersymmetry.

Now that the Academy of Sciences has discovered the Pangu particle, in a sense it has actually weakened or diluted this demand infinitely.

So what really matters are two or three.

The possible maximum space-time symmetry, this is a concept related to the S matrix element.

The S-matrix element is the core of quantum theory. The research done by Yang Lao, Weinberg, Glashow, and Gell-Mann is inseparable from the S-matrix element in mathematics.

In 1967.

Sidney Coleman and Mandura proved a theorem:

The largest space-time symmetry group that an S matrix element can have is the Poincaré symmetry group, which is the famous Coleman-Mandura theorem, which prevents people from trying to embed the Poincaré group into a larger symmetry group.

But the Coleman-Mandura theorem has a fatal problem in the eyes of later generations:

It assumes that the Lie algebraic relations between all generators of a symmetric group can only be commutators.

in other words

All generators can only be Bose - but there's really no particular physical reason for this assumption.

For example, you demonstrate a situation through data:

Compared with other types of novels, Xiaobaiwen has more readers-this sentence is actually true.

But then you use that as a cornerstone and make another assumption:

Huoshu can only be Xiaobaiwen.

This sentence is actually quite unreasonable. Although the proportion of Xiaobaiwen in the fire book may be 70% to 80%, it is still different from the word "only".

So in 1975.

Abandoning this assumption, Hager, Lopezzanski and Zonius extended the largest space-time symmetry groups from the Poincaré group to the hyper-Poincare by allowing the introduction of Fermi-type generators and Lie algebraic relations against commutators Lai Qun.

And this introduction is undoubtedly correct in the eyes of later generations.

As a result, a problem arises:

The definition of "irreducible representation" appears to be different.

The irreducible representation of the Poincaré algebra naturally gives the definition of the elementary particles in the Standard Model.

And the irreducible representation of super Poincaré algebra gives the definition of all elementary particles in supersymmetry.

For purely theoretical motives.

Since the largest space-time symmetry allowed mathematically is the super-Poincaré symmetry, there is no reason to believe that nature would not choose it but only the smaller Poincaré symmetry.

This gives the second motivation for the emergence of supersymmetric theory in the scope of pure theory or pure mathematics.

As for the standard level, this is the 'motivation' of the experimental phenomenon.

Mentioned a long time ago.

Although the Higgs particle was only officially captured in 2012, its mass has long been locked into a rough range.

That is 120-130GeV.

When this number is calculated, almost all physicists have a question:

Mom, isn't this thing too light?

Because in particle physics.

When calculating the self-energy correction of a particle f with mass mf to the Higgs particle, after eliminating the infinite part through renormalization, the remaining finite part is the mass correction of the Higgs particle.

But this finite part is proportional to mf, not to the mass of the fermion itself like the fermions with chiral symmetry protection.

This makes a large correction to the mass of the Higgs particle if f is heavy, and can even be much larger than its physical mass.

The most representative is the GUT energy standard.

If there is a new particle on the GUT energy scale, then the new particle will bring the radiation correction to the Higgs mass which is far greater than that of the weak electric energy scale.

The physical mass of the Higgs particle is only 125GeV, which means that the two large numbers of the radiation correction and the Higgs particle's dendrogram-order mass need to be very finely cancelled, in order to exactly give a physical mass of only 125GeV.

This unnaturalness that needs to be fine-tuned is obviously a matter of normative hierarchy.

After introducing the theory of supersymmetry, another situation will appear:

Supersymmetry assumes that all elementary fermions/bosons have their own supersymmetry partners, and the masses of elementary particles and their supersymmetry partners are strictly equal when supersymmetry is maintained.

And because of the different statistical properties of particles, the Fermi circle will have an extra minus sign compared to the Bose circle.

So the radiation correction of the elementary particle to the mass of the Higgs particle and the contribution of its supersymmetric partner are strictly equal in magnitude and opposite in sign, and the two just cancel each other out.

in other words.

Supersymmetry protects the Higgs mass from radiation corrections from massive particles, which resolves the gauge-level problem.

Very simple and very easy to understand.

But although supersymmetric particles are perfect in theory, there is always a problem in the experimental stage:

It has been almost 50 years since supersymmetric particles were proposed, but the physics community still has not found any supersymmetric particles.

This time span is even longer than the quark model was proposed to confirm - the quark model was proposed in 1964, and it was confirmed by Mr. Ding Zhaozhong ten years later.

So all the time.

Even Yang Lao, Te Hooft and others are not very optimistic about supersymmetric particles or the theory of supersymmetry.

Of course.

They are not negating the theory itself, but because the current situation assumes the existence of supersymmetric particles, and there is a high probability that they will not be found until the energy level is deserted or even above the desert.

This is obviously a level that is difficult to achieve in physics today.

to some extent.

This may be something that can only be witnessed by the next generation or even the next generation.

What Yang Lao said at that time was actually like this:

"If you want to be successful, I don't think supersymmetry theory is a suitable direction, because you probably won't live to the day when the theory is verified experimentally."

As a result, in the mouths of some marketing accounts, it became that Mr. Yang opposed the theory of supersymmetry.

This is not over, there are even more outrageous.

In "The Three-Body Problem", Liu's setting for the universe framework is the theory of supersymmetry. Or superstring theory, and then there are marketing accounts saying that Yang Lao diss "Three-Body Problem" is rubbish.

It can only be said that a lot of content is very distorted in the process of dissemination.

Another example is what Xu Yun said when he was writing a novel:

"Women's clothing is reserved for the serialization period."

Then, under the dissemination of some hateful sand sculpture group members, it became [women's clothing for every order at any stage] → [women's clothing for any book ten thousand orders] → [women's clothing for high-end orders].

God is sorry, the high-definition TMD of that book is more than 30,000, okay?

The topic returns to reality.

Not to mention Academician Pan, Xu Yun, and Mr. Yang.

Even Wei Teng himself did not expect that the particles discovered this time would actually be two supersymmetric particles—and they were not suspected, but almost real.

Because it is not difficult to see from the appearance.

The expression deduced by Witten carries the fermion operator Q, which can perfectly convert the oscillation peak signal of one particle into another particle after undergoing the change of the conjugate matrix.

At the same time after removing the influence of the gluon field.

The physical properties of the two particles are also symmetrical—as mentioned earlier, one of the two particles is a fermion, and the other is a boson.

In other words.

This is a double-ended coincidence between physical phenomena and mathematical calculations.

Anyone facing this result cannot deny that these two particles are supersymmetric.

Indeed.

The value of these two supersymmetric particles is not as good as dark matter in terms of the value of the single body.

But in the long run, the value it may derive is higher than that of dark matter.

Because supersymmetric particles are directly linked, but what about superstring theory

Of course.

Supersymmetric particles are only a key evidence of superstring theory, and cannot be said to prove the authenticity of superstring theory.

Not to mention that it has really reached that level, it is not these two supersymmetric particles that play a role in proving, but a framework that gathers a large number of supersymmetric particles.

In a sense.

These two supersymmetric particles are like medicine primers in traditional Chinese medicine. As for the effect of the prescription, it still depends on the combination of specific medicinal materials.

Think here.

Xu Yun couldn't help touching his chin, and a flash of understanding flashed in his eyes.

Although supersymmetric particles are precious, they are obviously not worthy of the value of the second part of the formula.

So what the second part of the formula really involves should be

Superstring theory?

or more precisely

Unified direction?

Objectively speaking.

The possibility of such speculation is still very high.

Then Xu Yun shifted his gaze a little bit, and looked at Atsuto Suzuki who was standing blankly at the side.

If I remember correctly.

Atsuto Suzuki once used supersymmetric particles as a gimmick at the press conference of Kamioka Laboratory, but in fact, the particles have nothing to do with supersymmetry.

Atsuto Suzuki at the time probably never imagined that this time the Academy of Sciences not only discovered dark matter, but also supersymmetric particles, right?

Does this count?

Shrimp and pig heart?

Note:

I saw Xu Yun and Mai Mai’s articles on an indescribable website, it’s hard to describe